B.Sc. 2nd Year Full Course

1. Computer Organization and Architecture This course provides an understanding of the fundamental structure and functioning of computer systems. It covers the principles of digital logic, the design of basic processing units, memory organization, input-output mechanisms, and instruction execution. Emphasis is placed on understanding how hardware and software interact, how instructions are processed, and how system performance can be optimized. Key Topics: Number systems, logic gates, and Boolean algebra Combinational and sequential circuits CPU organization, instruction set architecture, and addressing modes Memory hierarchy: cache, main memory, secondary storage Input/Output systems and interfacing Basics of pipelining and parallel processing 2. Computer Networks This course introduces the concepts, architecture, and protocols of computer networking. It provides students with knowledge of data transmission techniques, layered communication models, and networking technologies. Students gain insights into how devices communicate across local and wide area networks, as well as the Internet. Key Topics: OSI and TCP/IP reference models Data transmission, encoding, and error detection Switching techniques and multiplexing Network topologies and transmission media LAN, MAN, and WAN technologies IP addressing, routing, and congestion control Transport protocols (TCP, UDP) and application layer protocols (HTTP, FTP, DNS) Basics of network security 3. Data Structures This course introduces techniques for organizing, managing, and storing data efficiently. Students learn the theoretical foundations and practical implementation of data structures that are essential for solving computational problems. Emphasis is on algorithmic design, time and space complexity, and efficient memory utilization. Key Topics: Introduction to algorithms and complexity analysis Arrays, strings, and matrices Stacks, queues, and linked lists Trees: binary trees, binary search trees, AVL trees, and B-trees Graphs: representation, traversal algorithms (BFS, DFS), shortest path algorithms Hashing techniques and hash tables Sorting and searching algorithms.